Executive methods for solving of the problems (part 2-examples of Geotechnical Engineering)

Following to article of "Executive methods for solving of the problems (part 1)" posted on link:

http://www.emfps.org/2010/10/executive-methods-for-solving-of.html, the purpose of this article is to present the examples to solve the problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering in which these examples are real projects and my real experiences when I was working as a Geotechnical engineering consultant. 

Example (1):

It was March 2002, one of my clients sent me a soil reports to examine that it had been caused a conflict between my client and their consulting engineers company who had presented the allowable bearing capacity equal to 20-30 ton for single precast concrete piles in their soil reports as follows:

       Dimension of precast piles


L=25-30 m Length of precast piles

Qa=20-30 ton Allowable bearing capacity of precast piles

When I studied Geotechnical reports, I understood that they was taking two great mistakes because the results of Triaxial(U.U) and Shear box(C.D) tests were too much more less than the results of S.P.T tests from depth 18m to final boring (35m) :


1) It sound that they had done Triaxial and Shear box tests on undisturbed samples collected from High Over Consolidation clay (H.O.C clay layers) and it had been caused that undisturbed samples were changed to disturbed samples in Laboratory(the allowable bearing capacity had been calculated in accordance with laboratory tests).

2) It sound that they had taken into the soil characteristics uniformly until depth of 25m.

The results of my views are as follows:

(Regarding to incompatibility between the results of field and laboratory, I have only used of the results of field (S.P.T) except soil classification)

-From depth of 0.00 to 18m:

(G.W.T: Average 1.5m from 0.00 level of bore holes)
1) Soil classification: CL, ML

The soil layers were U.C to N.C (under to normal consolidation) and according to Table 3-5 of J.E Bowles 1996, we have;













-From Depth of 18m to 23m:

1) Soil classification: CL, ML

8) Consistency: Very Stiff
The soil layers were O.C (Over Consolidation).


-From Depth of 23 to 30 m:

1) Soil Classification: CL, ML (Cemented)

The soil layers were H.O.C (High Over Consolidation).

According to above mentioned, allowable bearing capacity of pre-cast concrete piles (Driving) were calculated in accordance with ALPHA-method of M.J.Tomlinson by me as follows:
(In here, the executed dimension has been only calculated that it is 40* 40 cm)

Where:











Total settlement (Elastic) had been estimated in accordance with Braja.M.Das by me below cited:

S1 = 0.54 cm Elastic settlement of pile body (concrete)

S2 = 0.32 cm Elastic settlement of pile point soil

S3 = 0.24 cm Elastic settlement of pile sides soil

S = S1+ S2 + S3, S = 1.1 cm

Where:

The consolidation settlement had been calculated for piles group and it was negligible just like to elastic settlement.
Therefore, the settlement was not controller and allowable bearing capacity was announced 89 Ton.

This example is included points : A,C,D,F,H,I.

My design was caused a saving money about 3.5 million Euro and so saving time for my client that it was more important than saving money.

Example (2):

Regarding to example(1), I prepared a operating instruction manual accompanied by executive details for construction(pre-fabrication) and transport of pre-cast piles and so method of driving pile ramming that summary of it is as follows:

-Anticipation of amount of piles penetration during ramming at the site in accordance with static bearing capacity obtained in example (1) and modified ENR formula (Dynamic pile formula) for controlling of the results of static bearing capacity (Returning Analyze), and so a Table had been made for this case by me.

-To determine allowable bearing capacity by using of dynamic pile formula (modified ENR formula) as follows:

-Type of diesel piling hammer: K35
-Set final (Refusal): 6 blows/in
-Pile length (L): 23m
-Safety factor: 6
-Efficiency of hammer (E): 80%
-C =0.1 , n = 0.45

Where:

Therefore, it was compatible with the result of example (1) and so a Table had been made for this section.

-To determine produced stress in piles during ramming:

Set final (Refusal): 6 blows/in










-To determine minimum length for jointed pre-cast concrete piles:

According to Swedish Code:

Above ratio is for diesel piling hammer.
Therefore, due to diesel piling hammer (K35), minimum length of piles must be 10m.

-The methods for lifting, picking up and transferring of piles:

According to Fig.7.1, Fig.7.2 and Table 7.1 from book of Pile Design and Construction Practice by M.J.Tomlinson (1981) and regarding to length and main reinforcement of pre-cast piles, we can design the methods of lifting piles.

-Maximum cracking on surface of concrete of piles:

Because of ramming, it is possible to be created some crack on surface of concrete.
According to England standard (CP110), maximum opening is 0.3mm for embedded concrete and for expose concrete; it must not be increased from 0.004 times thickness of cover on main reinforcement.

-To control of negative skin friction by using of bitumen coating on piles:

After pile ramming, if backfilling with the thickness equal to 1 m is executed on natural soil and the sides of piles, in accordance with Bowles (1996) we have:



















Therefore, we have:

L1=16.2 m Distance to the neutral point

Qn = 39 Ton Total force of negative skin friction

In accordance with above mentioned, executive instructions for coating are as follows:

a) Mix bitumen RC-30 as pre-coating (amount of 0.1-0.5 lit/m2).
b) Bitumen 60/70 or 30/50 as final coating with thickness of 10mm plus or minus of 2mm.
c) Maximum length of coating: 16.2 m.

-To prepare ID-card for each pile

-Quality control procedure of concrete for reaching to the design compressive strength of concrete equal to 550 kg/cm2 that it must be used of Micro-silica with super plasticizer additive.

-Quality control of water, cement and aggregates

-Design of pile point:

If dimension of pile point is 10*10 cm, the angle between side plane of pile and vertical plane must be about 30 degree.
If dimension of pile point is 15*15 or more than that, above angle is calculated from below formula:

d = diameter of pile (cm)

This example is included points: B, C, D, F, H, M, Q.



Example (3):

Regarding to example 1 and 2, I had been informed by site manager that some pre-cast piles had been driven no more than depth of 18m. It meant that they had reached to a very hard layer. I checked it out and I found out that the distance between this piles were less than 3m.
Unfortunately, before starting of geotechnical activities, it had not been done any appropriate Geology, Hydrogeology and Geophysics investigations at the site.

Therefore, I ordered to do Seismic Refraction Survey (one of Geophysics methods) and provide Geology records.
We know, in accordance with velocity of “P” waves, we can calculate thickness, hardness and compaction (density) of soil layers as follows:

According to Geology records and results of Seismic Refraction Survey, it was discovered that there was a Dendroidal shape of High Over Consolidation clay (clay stone) after depth of 16-17m. In fact, location of project was on a Delta (connection of river to sea).

Note: Sometimes alluviums or loose fill (made-up gravel) have been laid unconformity on geology formations included: out crops, folded rock stratums that their geomorphology have been shown in shape of up and down (roughness).
Therefore the logs of two bore holes, which have very low distance between them, are not compatible together. It is possible, one of them encounter to rock layer in depth of 1m but another bore hole come in contact with this rock layer in depth of 10m.
One of the best ways to specify this problem is to use of German Light S.P.T equipment (DIN 4094). The specifications of this equipment are as follows:

D =22 mm Rod diameter
D*=35.6 mm Point diameter
a =60 degree Point angle
W = 10 kg Hammer mass
H = 50 cm Free falling height
A = 10 cm2 Point area

We can even change number of blows to ASTM-D1586 in accordance with energy equilibrium’s principle.

This example is included points: B, C, D, E, F, G, H, L, M, N, R, S.

Example (4):

Referring to examples (1), (2) and (3), load test of pre-cast piles (compression tests) was done by my client for controlling of my design.
Regarding to my client’s records, three pre-cast piles had been tested in accordance with ASTM-D 1143-81.The results of compressive loading tests on pre-cast piles adopted from load-settlement curves were as follows:

-Pile number: P059

L = 21 m (because of the problem mentioned in example (3), B = 40*40cm

Q = 280 Ton Maximum load

dz = 21 mm Maximum vertical displacement

For vertical displacement = 11mm, we have: Compressive load = 175 Ton







Pile number: P126-

L = 24 m, B = 40*40 cm

Q = 340 Ton Maximum load

dz = 19 mm Maximum vertical displacement

For vertical displacement = 11mm, we have: Compressive load = 195 Ton






-Pile number: TP11

This pile was a tentative pile not to operate and it had proved that the length of piles must be more than 21m.

L = 18 m, B = 40*40 cm

Q = 140 Ton Maximum load

dz > 55 mm Maximum vertical displacement

In accordance with Load- Vertical displacement curve, we have:








Therefore, the design of pre-cast piles was approved by my client.

On the other hand, there was an important problem in Destacking house (a ware house for storing of galvanized sheets). The problem was “Effect of adjacent surcharge loading on lateral displacement of pre-cast concrete piles” because galvanized sheets, which were stored on finish floor of ware house ( Destacking house), were to maximum distance of 0.25 m from pre-cast piles executed under columns of Destacking house(pile caps) and if lateral displacement of pre-cast piles was increased more than allowable limit, overhead traveling crane was stopped.

Here is loading specifications of galvanized sheets:

B*L = 4.5* 12.2 m, Dimension of galvanized sheets

T = 10 mm, Thickness of galvanized sheets

H = 3.5 m, Height of storing (on each other)

P = 7800 kg/cm3, Specific gravity of galvanized sheets

Therefore, loading of galvanized sheets was just like to loading of a rectangular footing that it was equal to:




The summary of my research method in accordance with lay out of galvanized sheets storing is as follows:

-Analysis of loading adjacent pre-cast piles in accordance with Boussinesq equation (JE.Bowles 1996)

-The calculation of bending moment and lateral displacement of pre-cast piles in accordance with equations and curves presented by Davisson and Gill (1963) as follows:

According to above mentioned, it obtained maximum bending moment and lateral displacement below cited:





So, I ordered to do a modeling test of loading adjacent pre-cast pile at the site as follows:

-A pre-cast pile was rammed at the site (L = 15 m, B = 40*40 cm).

-A plate load test (just like to ASTM-D 3966) was done by several rigid plates (maximum dimension of 100*100 cm) and maximum load of 50 Ton with distance equal to 20 cm from pre-cast pile( the distance between center to center of pre-cast pile and rigid plate was 90 cm).

-Three of gauges were installed for measurement of lateral displacement of pre-cast pile during the plate load test.

The results of modeling test showed a maximum lateral displacement equal to 4.5 mm.

The conclusion of research:

-All of analysis and calculations were approximately confirmed by modeling test.

-I offered to control the lateral displacement of pre-cast piles the points as follows:

1) To increase of inertia moment by executing of additional piles.
2) To decrease of at-rest lateral stress ratio(Ko) by using of lean concrete between galvanized sheets and pre-cast piles until critical depth.
3) To use of reinforced concrete tie beam between two against columns.

This example is included the points: A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I, K.


Example (5):

I have mentioned this example because it is included the point: “J” that is one of the most important points for solving of the problem.
Regarding to examples: 1, 2, 3 and 4, there was a great problem in production house because there must be installed a press machinery in depth of (-6 m) while Ground Water Table was about depth of (-1.5 m).
I offered to use sheet piling for the excavation. Before designing of sheet piles, I must control below points:

- “Heaving” because of instability the clay layers of trench floor. In accordance with Bjerrum and Eide(1965), we can calculate ‘Heaving’ as follows:






- “Piping” because of difference between hydraulic gradient outside and inside of excavation (arising of pumping dry) as follows:

h: The difference of water head between outside and inside of excavation

- “Ground loss” because of sides ground settlement arising of movement of sheet piles.

- Over turning of sheet piles in accordance with diagram of design stress envelope (Peck1969).We usually use of Struts and Wales for controlling of over turning.
In here, the important point was not designing of sheet piles but it was the omission of Struts and Wales by me because I ordered to use of the beams for connection of pre-cast piles executed (previously) around of sheet piles (out side of excavation location) to sheet piles.
This example as well as shows the point: “J”.

According to this example, we can see that a soft ware is not enough for designing alone.

Example (6):

This example is also compatible with point “J”.
I received a request of another client that it was the excavation of urban zone till depth of 15 m. After visiting of the site, I offered to execute of the temporary supporting structure by using of Drilled-in-Place piles.

Note: “Always there are too much problems for excavations in loose soils, especially if the depth of them is very high (deep). In addition to soils problems, two important factors are also the controller of stabilization methods that they are Time and Cost (Energy).
One of the simplest methods for excavation is to use of Drilled-in-Place piles as the retaining wall but the most important thing to analyze and design them is to stable against over-turning because Drilled-in-place piles could not be designed and executed for excavations with high height of the walls without Struts and Wales.
In this example, the methods have been proposed for deep excavations by using of Drilled-in-Place piles and acquiring of a wedge failure is shown based on both theoretical considerations and observations of model footing (Jumikis(1962), Ko and Davidson (1973)) and finite elements model for securing passive pressure of soils as resisting force against over turning so that Drilled-in-Place piles can be executed the stepped shape or two row piles that one is supporting the piles near to the wall.
Before an excavation is started to be executed, it must be studied if a vertical wall into soil will be the stable without a supporting structure and what is amount of safety factor or critical height.
In first step, mechanical parameters of soil should be obtained in accordance with Geotechnical investigation and so we can use of returning analysis.
In second step, loading analysis should be considered regarding to surcharges loads and soil specifications.
In third step, we should design a retaining wall as supporting structure, if a vertical wall without a retaining wall is not the stable.”



Specifications of the project:


6-1) In the southern part of the project ground:

Under footing of a building (two floor) had been excavated to depth of 12 m without any supporting structure and it showed a section of cemented sandy gravel layers (Hezar Dareh conglomerate of geology formations).
Regarding to the stabilization time (about 1year) of excavation, I estimated minimum the parameters of soil layers by using of Retaining Analysis as follows:

-Taylor Method (1937):

Therefore, minimum selected characteristics of Conglomerate layer are:









6-2) In the western part of the project ground:
Concerning to Geotechnical investigations included: Test pits, Standard Penetration Tests and Remolded Shear Box Tests, soil characteristics were selected as follows:

- From depth of 0.00 to depth of 5 m (very loose sandy gravel with clay):








- After depth of 5 m:

There was Conglomerate layer just like to (6-1) as follows:








Therefore, the problem was point (6-2). In the western part of the project ground, I offered to use of Drilled-in-Place concrete piles as the temporary supporting structure.

Step1) Loading Analysis:

-There was a traffic load as the surcharge load with distance at least 70 cm from wall edge, that I considered it as a model of continuous foundation as follows:

B = 30 cm, Width of continuous foundation
Q = 5.6 kg/cm2, Loading by continuous foundation

According to Bowles (1996) and Boussinesq equation, the load diagram was obtained just like to a parabolic curve that total sum of load and load resultant are as follows:

- Lateral pressure of soil:

Step 2) Geotechnical design of Drilled-in-Place piles:



It was included the points as follows:

- Length of piles (L)
- Diameter of piles (d)
- Numbers of total piles (N)
- Distance of center to center the piles from each other (r)
- Length of clamping (fixity) of piles into cemented sandy gravel layer (h)

For Geotechnical design (above points), below parameters must be controlled:

- Stabilization controlling against over-turning.
- Stabilization controlling against sliding forward.
- Stabilization controlling for allowable bearing capacity of foundation.
Usually, the important problem is over-turning and the other cases are ok.) )

-Assumptions:

H = 500 cm, Excavation from depth of 0.00 to 500cm
h = 250 cm (0.5H)
L = H + h = 750 cm
d = 80 cm
N = 7 In accordance with length of excavation wall
r = 125 cm In accordance with length of excavation wall

- Calculations for controlling of over-turning:


















Therefore, we have:

Important Note:

It is possible only using of passive pressure (Pp), if it was executed a stair with width equal to 2.5 m (from Conglomerate layer) in front of piles for securing of passive pressure. Width of stair could be calculated in accordance with model footing of Jumikis(1962), Ko and Davidson(1973) accompanied by using of finite element model. Of course, it can be a research work at the university.



So, we can obtain characteristics of soil by Returning Analysis where we can use of a Grab Bucket Crane at the site so that the excavation is done in center of the project ground (limited section) until appropriate depth by a Grab Bucket Crane for reaching to a critical safety factor.

Therefore, this example as well as shows the points: “J” and “Q”.


Example (7):

This example is compatible with the point: “O”.
Concerning to example (6), I was persuaded to do structural design of Drilled-in-Place concrete piles by my client because of lack of time (I present the Geotechnical design for the projects because I have only studied BSc degree in the field of Geology at the university). For structural design of concrete piles, I had to read chapters: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 10 from Mechanic of Materials book (by Popov.EP) and ACI-318.

Here is my design method:

Drilled-in-Place concrete piles had been considered as Cantilever beam.
According to free body diagram:

Regarding to bending moment and shear diagrams, maximum main longitudinal reinforcement must be executed from bottom of piles (on ground) to the height of
4.5 m and according to ACI-318, maximum bars are 6% of the piles cross section
as follows:











Assumptions:

For acquisition the equivalent section of concrete and bars and calculating the moment of inertia, I considered total cross section of reinforcements just equal to thin-wall steel pipe as follows:

t: Thickness of thin-wall steel pipe (cm)

















Therefore, all of assumptions were ok.
Since bending moment was the controller (not shearing force), this design was approved to execute by me.

This example as well as present the points: “O” and “M”.

Example (8):

This example is a general idea or a hypothesis for highlighting of the point: “N”.
Maybe, one of the ways to improve saturated clay soils (N.C) will be to prevent their drainage in the future.

Example (9):

I have brought this example because it is compatible with the point: “P”

In one of the earth dam projects, we had to inject Red-colored water into the joints and cracks of Rocks under dam foundation for finding out direction (orientation) and distribution of them.
Red-colored water had been appeared on the ground surface until radius of 30 km far away from the location of Dam. It as well as showed connection among the joints and cracks.

Executive methods for solving of the problems (part 1)

I enjoy researching in the field of Geotechnical science because it is very exiting job so that I have studied by my own along working. We must be dominant over mathematics and physics sciences because we always need to know and use of basic laws of Static, Dynamic, Material mechanic and Fluid mechanic in addition to Geology science for solving of the problems (These books should be used as References just like to other books).
Unfortunately, we have usually two cases for solving of the problems in the field of Geotechnical Engineering:
-People, which have appropriate knowledge in Geology, are not predominant over mathematics and physics and so vice versa.
-Now days, engineers use of soft ware programs for designing before they actually know basic concepts of Static, Dynamic, Material mechanic and etc. It will be caused to prevent their creative power for solving of the problems in the world.
In Geotechnical Engineering, the experiences are more important than academic information. If we study and earn some basic information from other Geo-sciences (Geophysics, Hydrogeology and …), it will be more exciting to work in the field of Geotechnical Engineering for us.
Always there is a problem that we should solve it. For solving of the problems in Geotechnical Engineering, we must have a very fast, punctual and cutting decision in accordance with our experiences and academic information. A mistake in our decision will be caused financial and murderer dangerous events.
Therefore, we should collect exact information and find out a logical relation (processing) among selected information for solving a problem.
To work on Geotechnical projects helps us to find better ways for living.
The reasons behind of above mentioned are the points below cited:





Point A) The precision, courage; presumption and bravery in accordance with logical bases and accompanied by perseverance are the most important factors for solving of the problems.

Point B) There are different parameters, dependent, and independent variables that we should consider to solve the problems.

Point C) There are extensive and wide ranges of knowledge that we should select appropriate information among them for solving of the problems.

Point D) Concerning to point C, we should only bear in mind correct and exact information for processing so that a logical and rational relation must be raised among selected information.

Point E) We should know that solving of the problem needs to use of the whole sciences.

Point F) The processing must be done in accordance with logical methods.

Point G) Since we can not usually take into all of variables for solving of the problem and it is possible that a final design reveals some defects in executing time, we should have a feedback system from executive agents to the design department for improving final details engineering rapidly. One of the best ways to adjust details engineering is to have a design department at the site or monitoring of the site.

Point H) We can obtain the information:
-By using of local investigation
-By using of other people experiences (books, essays, papers and etc)
-To produce of information by our self (testing, modeling and etc)

Point I) It is clear, there are many ways for solving of the problems, but two factors “time” and “cost (energy)” will show us final way by balancing of them.

Point J) For solving of the problems, in the first stage, we should use of exist supporter systems (sleepers) in the nature for saving of the energy. Therefore we can result that a soft ware is not enough to design alone.

Point K) We can use of model systems or pilot plant for final control of the design.

Point L) To use of “Remote Sensing” for processing of data.

Point M) To apply physic’s conservation laws and equilibrium theory for solving of the problems (by using of mechanic of materials, fluid mechanic, dynamic and etc).

Point N) Look at the problem from different angles, directions and states so that we should be able to change our views 180 degree against our first approach without any fanaticism, it means a flexibility in our analyzes. It can be caused appearance of innovation and creative power.



Point O) To be able to study any books and references from final page to first page only for solving of the problem because we have not the time for studying any book from A to Z.

Point P) To find out the channels of knowledge transfer by broadcasting of controlled information. In fact, one of the best ways to obtain the knowledge is to broadcast controlled information.

Point Q) To use of Returning Analyze method for finding and controlling of important parameters and data.

Point R) The result of processing must be controlled several times by using of different ways and experts (engineers).

Point S) To use of tests equipment in accordance with our needs for solving of the problem.

Point T) When an engineer proceeds to calculate and design the project, she/he is expected to guess the details of final design completely before starting of the calculations, the calculation note helps to reach the limits.


In here, I have presented some of my work experiences as examples that are compatible to above points:
The examples, which has been presented below cited, are the sources of the points A to T adopted of actual projects:

(I can not introduce actual names of projects, clients, main contractors and consulting engineers companies because I have not them any permission letter. All of examples are official documents that have been kept on files by the side of my clients. The project, which has been included examples 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, is one of the best my achievements).

Saving Techniques (Part 1): Optimization in Boiling Water Consumption

Here, I would like to write the partial of my paper of “Saving Techniques (Part 1): Optimization in Boiling Water Consumption” which has been submitted to IBS of University Technology Malaysia as follows:

Nowadays, the energy saving could be as only temporary solution for huge uncertainty in business throughout the world. In addition, one of the most crucial outcome of the 2010 G-20 Toronto Summit (June 26-27) was to decrease debt-GDP ratio among countries. The general concept of it is the saving of money and energy by the people throughout the world. Besides, as it was stated in my article of “Actually, what is the problem?” on Apr 17, 2009, a temporary solution for financial crisis is to distribute the inflation among the people around the world by using of Kelvin model. It means that the people will have to take an intensive concern on the saving techniques.
The consumption of boiling water could be examined in three sectors as follows:

1) In the public sector such as cooking, drinking
2) In Steam Generators as the equipments of utility in factories
3) In new projects such as Project Management Plan (PMP) to conduct data sheets in details engineering

In this paper, energy saving in the case of the boiling water consumption among the people throughout the world (the public sector) has been analyzed.

Literature Review:
According to Europe’s Energy Portal, there are 10 important methods for saving of the energy as follows:

1) Using from energy-efficient tools such as low consumption lamps
2) Interchanging to the producers of electricity who generate power electric from green energy resources instead of fossil fuels resources
3) Using of the public transportation for distances more than 10 km and bicycle for distances low than 10 km
4) To decrease of our thermostat by 4 to 5 degree Celsius in the period of the night and when we leave our home
5) To turn off all of instruments that we do not need to use
6) To insulate our home completely and effectively
7) Going to holiday by using of bus and train instead of our own car or airplane
8) To help forestation programs in which they concentrate on planting indigenous trees in tropical zones
9) Working at home by Internet instead of an office location (if it is possible)
10) Teaching and broadcasting the ideas and importance of energy saving to all of the people

Data Analysis and Discussion

In here, there is an example for energy saving in the field of boiling water consumption in the public sector as follows:

We drink tea or coffee in our home or office at least four times per day. Each cup of tea or coffee needs to about 250 cc (250gr) of boiling water where amount of energy consumption will be equal to 649KJ.

Amount of thermal energy for water 20 to 100 degree Celsius = 250gr * (100-20) * 4.186 = 83.7 KJ
Amount of thermal energy for boiling water = 250gr * 2261 = 565.3 KJ
Total thermal energy consumption for boiling of 250gr water = 83.7 + 565.3 = 649 KJ

The people usually fill their Kettle or Boiler full of water for each time of boiling water consumption. We assume that we decrease amount of water in our Kettle equal to 250gr (a cup) per person for each time using of boiling water (need to tea). In the result, we will save the thermal energy about 2600 KJ per capita per day.
What is the influence of this amount saved energy (2600KJ) in the world?
In Table (1), 39 countries, which have been collected, have the most effect on energy saving.

As we can see, the consumption of energy by developing countries is less than developed countries. In addition, some of developing countries such as China and India can play the important role in energy saving in the case of boiling water consumption because of their large population. One of the most crucial things to bear in mind is to increase energy saving among the countries with very high population but low energy consumption such as fewer developing countries.
Referring to Table (1), if we consider:

Pi = population of countries (2007)
Ei = percentage of energy saving by countries
TP = total population of the world in 2007
AE = average energy saving rate in the world by boiling water consumption

We will have:

AE = SUM Pi * Ei / TP and TP = 6625 millions

By using of above formula, we can calculate the average of energy saving rate (AE) throughout the world that it could be obtained by 39 countries
According to above mentioned, AE is calculated approximately equal to 2.3%.

Recommendation

How can we save the energy in our home or office?
It is very simple. It could be done by scaling. We should have an estimate of cups number of tea or coffee that we would like to serve in each time. For instance, if we want to drink 2 cups of tea for 4 people, we should scale 8 cups of water and put it into our Kettle or Boiler.

What is the Influence of energy saving by the people on environment and business in the world?
International Energy Outlook 2010 (IEO) stated that total world energy consumption rises by an average annual 1.4% from 2007 to 2035. If we assume only 61% population of these 39 countries care about energy saving on the case of boiling water, AE can be calculated just equal to 1.4%. It proves that this method as well as works.

The outline of next topic for this article is as follows:

Topic: Efficiency of Industrial Boiler System


• Introduction

 Why should we increase the efficiency of steam generators?

 How can we increase the efficiency of industrial Boiler systems?


• Literature Review

 The cost of steam vs. the cost of electric power
 What is the percentage of electricity generated by the steam in whole of the world?

 The parameters which are affecting on Boiler efficiency


• Data Analysis and Discussion

 Efficiency of boiler by combustion, thermal, fuel to fluid
 The types of Air pre-heater (APH)
 Analysis of the influence APH on Boiler efficiency

• Recommendation
 To present the ways for optimizing of the volume and the temperature of outlet flue gas by using of Rotary Air Pre-Heater (RAPH)
 A new idea for increasing of efficiency in RAPH
 The cost of new manufacturing for RAPH
 The payback period for new model of RAPH
• Conclusion
 The Energy saving as the best target of this paper
 Applications of new model of RAPH in other industries such as Heat exchangers, Space industry

If you have any recommendation, please write your comments before the submission of the paper.
Thanks
Reza

New Economic system (part 2)

I received two good questions about above article and I would like to share with you them:

Question (1): Why we need to change our economic regulations or rules?

My answer: We have to change some rules because we have an environment with high speed changes (in the reference with my article of "External Real Forces and Pseudo-Forces to Design a Strategic Plan: Fuzzy logic Vs. Classic Logic" posted on link:http://emfps.blogspot.com/2013/12/external-real-forces-and-pseudo-forces.html) and we need to have amendment to them forever. In the matter of fact, we should shift the changeable laws to constant laws in which the concept of them will be the same in the view of all aspects. Let me bring you an example:

Assume the government releases a rule that the people do not allow to go from location A to location B. It is clear, the people will find the location C and at the first they will go from location A to location C and then they will go to location B. Therefore, the government has to have so many amendments. Now, we use from a constant law:
Assume that the distance between location A and B is equal “x” km and the government authorizes the rule as follows instead of previous rule:

“Someone who would like to come to location B from location A, must travel through the distance less than “x” km”

There is a simple law about the distance between two points that is always constant and here we do not need to have an amendment. Of course, there are the executive problems that they will be solved by using of technology.

Question (2): What are the differences between real economy and economies theories? How can we make them closer with clear views?

My answer: I think that this question about real economy and theoretical economy is very important.
By answering to your question, we are able to understand the real reason behind of financial crisis and so answer the below question:

Actually, why do economists in the world take a mistake in their analysis?

As I mentioned in my previous article, I would like to continue it in the case of “about problem (2)” that is the new definitions of scarce resources.

Please be informed this question will be exactly answered in my new article. But I have concern if I must write my real idea or I must censor myself because my approach is to solve the problem not to complicate the problem. Besides, we should not say the facts which are the problems and it is possible by presenting these facts, we will destroy the business of the people around the world.
Perhaps, I will write my real idea about this problem in the future, if I find out a solution.

In fact, now my new attitude to the life is as follows:

"Do not broadcast the problem that you have not any solution for it and you feel that it will destroy the business of some people in the world, even though this problem is the fact"

An Example of Doing the Research

Those who are doing to research and publish their findings, from one time to the next, they're afraid to publish their findings. This fear is not due to be killed because the death is in the hands of God but 

the fear is, because these new findings not only save the world but also destroy the world.

 

So my suggestion to those who are conducting research work before you go is, to pass a strategic 

management period of study.

A Strategy for Research Work

If you discovered new important findings by your research work, before sharing and publishing your findings, you should increase your audiences. But how? The trend of your page viewers can significantly go up by posting other exciting articles. For instance, many people around the world are interested in learning and reading financial case analysis.    

New Economic system (part 1)

A system is the set of rules, procedures, functions, structures, inputs and outputs in which the rules and functions establish a rational relationship among structures, inputs and outputs to reach a steady equilibrium in the period of the time.
According to above definition of the system, an economic system is the set of rules, functions such as capitalism, communism or mix economy and is structured by societies where inputs are the same scare resources such as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship and outputs are produced goods, valuable commodities and services so that the rules govern interconnectivity among societies and scare resources to find the choice and the appropriate behavior for distribution and consumption of produced goods and services to reach a sustainability in the period of the time.
As we can see, there are two important factors as the target of an economic system:

1) Sustainability 2) Time

An economic system should deal with the balance of the sustainability in the period of the time. In fact, the time of all economic systems is limited that it depends on the scarce
resources and consumption.

Financial crisis, which was apparently started in Sep 2008, showed us the expiring time of capitalism. In fact, it was the end of capitalism because some governments of developed countries such as USA prepared the stimulus plan for helping private sector. According to this economic encouragement, the companies had to assign the partial of their property rights to government as a guarantee of their loan. On the other hand, the governments obliged the private companies to follow the new dominant regulations on financial markets such as Wall Street in USA. It means that capitalism have to cut the portion of property rights and economic freedom. Therefore, it is not the past capitalism but it will be a new economic system. Of course, there is too much concern about this new economic system. For instance,

What is the percentage of government ownership or government involved in? And what is the percentage of private sector ownership?

For answering to above question, we have to solve the problems as follows:

1) What will be the new rules and regulations?

2) What will be the new definitions of scarce resources (inputs)?

3) What will be the new definitions of produced goods and services as the new choices (outputs)?

4) How will be the new societies arranged in the future due to the phenomena which is named “multiculturalism”?

I think that above problems are the new challenges for decision makers in the world.

-About problem (1):

We need to new ideas and theories because a transformation of capitalism to new economic system will raise the huge complexity. In fact, we have to change the old regulations and replace them by new functions and rules in new economic system. One of the ways is to use from the nature’s laws as the substituting. For instance, Adam Smith and David Ricardo stated that a difference in cost is the reason of international trade flow. It could be adopted from potential difference in physics theory. Now, there is an important question: Are the discovered nature’s laws enough for new economic system or we have to find out the new ones?
As we can see, there are so many variables such as, which laws for what percentage?

Anyways, I think that we should firstly perceive the huge risk of the change but believe that it must be done then the nature’s laws will help us.
As an example, the below link is the end of “Papillon (1973 film)” directed by: Franklin J. Schaffner

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XGWXmxmaoE

He exactly knew very high risk of the change but believed that it must be done.

If you watch the previous clip of above link, you will gain that:

1) He tested his idea
2) He was disappointed because of the test result
3) He actually knew that there is always the way for solving of the problem if it is really a problem.
4) He continued and finally he subtilized about the nature’s laws, discovered seven waves and found out the influence of the seventh wave.

Pending ......

Some of comments on EPC projects

Some of the gains that I earned when I worked as a Project Manager are as follows:

1) In E.P.C contracts (client side):

- Approach of the client should be always help to executive factors (Consulting Engineers, Main and Sub Contractors) to reach his target. The client and his representatives should know that only someone does not take a mistake who does not work. Of course, the client should have the concern about balancing of Time and Energy (Cost) during execution his project.

- The client should obtain enough information from his project before to put out to tender for instance, to estimate time and cost of the project (Items price list or break down price list). Therefore, he needs to have basic and details engineering and details time schedule.

- It is suggested to client that details time schedule presented by main contractor is enclosed as an article of shipment documents included in Sales contract so that main contractor could not supply any machinery at the site before commencement date of civil work or erection work. Because main contractors are not usually interested in doing their obligations in Construction contract (“C” in EPC) and they will take the most their benefits by Procurement of equipment and Engineering (“P&E” in EPC) that these margins are often more than P.B.G (Performance Bank Guarantee) presented by main contractor.

-Break down price lists should be checked exactly because it is possible that shipment of a machine only absorbs 50% of L/C.

-Details time schedule should truly be designed so that it should be established a logical relation among shipments and progress of civil and erection works.

-When a new revision of the document ( contract, appendix, DWG, data sheet and so on) is issued by Contractor, we should check it out not only the cases are depended on decisions of the meeting but also other parts of the document should be controlled word to word and number to number. For instance, one of the projects, I remember that we had discussed about mechanical specifications of machinery (App 3 from Sales contract) at the meeting. But I saw that it had been deleted some civil work specifications in another part of new revision APP (3) by Contractor so that total difference cost was more than one million Euro. So I remember that the basic elevation code (BM) had been changed in new revision of DWG related to site plan so that it was caused a subject of claim.

2) In Engineering:

-The most important thing to present a new design in the field of Engineering is to collect and select the exact basic data. In fact, the calculation note and engineering software help us to increase the rate of analysis so that the feedbacks show us the confirmation or non-confirmation of basic data. Therefore, we should know that engineering tools (software and calculations) do two works for us: 1) to analyze of basic data 2) to proceed toward the limits (for saving of cost and time).

- We should have the concern about a new design because it brings us the new science production and the innovation. Therefore, we should double check our design by locally information, previous executed designs, references, returning analysis, and using of other calculator engineers and vice versa. It means, when engineers proceed to design and calculate of some details in the fields of civil, mechanic, process, electric and so on, they should guess the details of final design completely before starting of the calculation by using of locally information, other projects just like to this project, returning analysis, references etc.
An optimum design will guide us toward the exact estimation and saving of money and time. For example: I remember that I rejected basic and details engineering of Electrical Substation Building in one of the projects so that the new revision had been changed from 2500 m2( Area) to 750 m2 and total saving money was about 800000 Euro accompanied by 6 months saving time. In another project, I remember that some basic data for designing of utilities system (Cooling Towers, Steam Generators, Electrical system etc) had been changed logically and according to real consumptions and over lap (contemporary) percentages. For instance, I rejected basic engineering of sewage water (Domestic + foul water) and raw water treatment because of inlet volume (basic data) so that finally it had been changed from 6 m3/day to 1.5 m3/day. Therefore, when a project manager receives a new design from engineering department, he should spend money to obtain other designs to be produced by calculator engineers out side of his company for comparing with this new design because he is expected to find out the best way to reach the target of project. Of course, a project manager should care about locally information, previous executed designs, references, returning analysis too.

- Before final approving of details engineering included DWGs, data sheets and so on, the executive engineers and site manager should check them because a designing and calculating engineer usually works in 2Dimentioal system but an executive engineer always works in 3Dimentioal space ( the site engineers should sign all of these documents).

3) In Project Control:

- Since preparing of a details time schedule (CPM) is the most important item in EPC projects, if we increase the number of activities accompanied by relationships among them, we will be able to lead the project smoothly. In fact, a significant CPM should present us details activities. Therefore, basic data are very important just like to engineering field.
-A good project controller should be able to have a good friendship with engineers in engineering department, engineers at the site, financial department, commercial department, and coordination among them. Because he/she is someone who is supposed to establish a logical cash flow compatible with engineering activities, civil and erection activities, procurement ( shipments) by tracking of critical paths.
-I think, it will be valuable that a project manager spend money to get several details time schedule from different sources.
-A good project controller should track compatibility between primary cost estimating and cash flow in addition to other tracking every day (for presenting warning to project manager).
-Engineering department, site manager, financial department, and commercial department should sign the details time schedule (CPM).

3) In General:

- I learned that I must try to solve of the problem because I would be had to study for collecting and selecting of information and analyzing them (someone will study who needs it).

-I learned that the precision, courage, presumption, and bravery accompanied by perseverance and endeavor in accordance with logical bases are the most important factors for solving of the problems.

- It has helped me so that I think that I am able to fulfill any obligations. Of course, if I would be interested in taking the responsibility.

- When we look at to a simple contract, we should care about five points as follows:

1) Obligations 2) Total cost 3) Overall time schedule 4) Procedure of payments 5) Guarantee

-The approach of project manager should be to reach the target by the best way (the balance of time and energy). Therefore, he should bear in mind that the best way will be earned by spending money in the field of Engineering and to obtain several designs. In the result, three points have been raised concerning this mentioned:

1) The development of the world 2) Innovation and creative power 3) Increasing of job opportunity

-Every project will smoothly move and be successfully fulfilled the least Time and Energy (Cost), if all of people involved in this project as well as know and accept the target of project. In the circumstances, the attractive concepts similar to Excessive Generosity, Hardworking, Perseverance, Honest, Reliable, Love, Truthfulness and so no will be raised. Of course, it is very hard because we have two cases as follows:

1)Training: All of people involved in the project should be familiar and learn about the target of the project.
2)To define the aim of the project (What is the problem): All of people involved in the project should accept the target of the project and it is very difficult (Actually, what is the problem?).


In negotiation:

- Each time we become nervous, we have to pay the cost of it. In fact, it will be the goodwill for the correspondent.

In negotiation:

- At the meeting, when we are obliged to think, we will be at the extreme of weakness and we have to surrender and give up (in fact, this is the important principal of our life. When we are thinking to solve of the problem, we are at the extreme of weakness and the problem is at the extreme of power). Therefore, we should quickly say to the correspondent (at the meeting): “Let me check it and reply to you ASAP” or “What’s your mean, I don’t understand it” and so on.

- I think, the point “P” of the article “The executive methods for solving of the problem (part 1) and example (9) of part 2” will be useful us for negotiation. For instance, we can decrease the quotation of the contractor by it. Of course, there is always the red line of price for the contractor.

On the other hand, this point can be as well as used for monitoring of the project.

In negotiation:

The best consequence of the meeting is to reach a Win-Win result. What are the superiority conditions to this outcome?
I think, if both parties (seller and Buyer) have had enough information from project (details), the result of the meeting will be Win- Win.
Which parts of the projects have we the lacks of information?
Let us analyze “EPC” as follows:

- E = Management + Engineering
- P = Management + Engineering + tools + raw materials + labor force
- C = Management + Engineering + labor force

Where:

Technology = Engineering + tools

According to above mentioned, the lacks of information are as follows:

- What is the price of Management?
- What is the price of Technology?
- What is the price of Labor force?
- What is the price of Raw materials?

For answering to these questions, we have to refer the Economics models for instance, Capitalism, Marxism, and so on but it is possible that we cannot find our answers by these models any time. Therefore, let us abandon to reply above questions and make a new hypothesis that it is named “Outsourcing.”

The hypothesis of Outsourcing:

The definition of “outsourcing’ is to transfer technology from Company ‘A” (seller) to company “B’ (buyer) so that the new technology will be replaced by company A and where Buyer will be the same Seller.

I think, the procedure will be below cited:

We assume that company “A” (seller) and company “B” (buyer) are negotiating on price of the goods produced by company A at time of “t.”
Let us see their negotiation:

Company A: we cannot decrease the price of our goods
Company B: we cannot accept your price for these goods
Company A: It is ok. If you produce these goods by our technology, we will buy your productions the same price (our price)

If company B (buyer) confirms the new idea of company A, he will take delivery of technology and sell his production to company A with the price at time of “t.”
Of course, company “A” has to deduct the price of his goods for gaining of more benefit before negotiation with company “B.”
(Now a days, we see that price of goods are decreased that it can be the best situation for outsourcing).

At this time, Outsourcing is started.

Where Buyer (company B) will have the sense about the price of Management, Engineering and so on just like to Seller (company A).

If company ‘A” can not produce the new technology, he will be confronted with the huge risk and disaster in the future. Therefore, it is possible that company “A” uses from Third law and outsource the technology to company ‘B” little by little and systematically.
Another risk for company “A’ is to be proceeded company “B” toward new technology similar to company “A.” I think, in this case, there is not any problem because the actual price of Management and Engineering will be discovered by competition between company “A” and “B.” In fact, this type of risk will be the fault of company “A.”

If the circulation of outsourcing as well as works, we will have the result as follows in the future:

Some companies in the world will only produce the science and new technology so that workshops will be the same laboratories and labors and engineers receive the salary in lieu of learning and teaching.

Some companies in the world continue to produce the goods by previous technology.

In fact, the world will be just similar to football game where the players are the same companies, the ball is the same the technology (previous and new technologies), and companies will pass the ball each other because of the actual price of Management and Engineering.

Actually, what is the problem? (part8)

Referring to previous article in order to analyze the problem with mathematics tools, I think that there is at least one difference between Topology and Boundary Conditions Method as follows:
While I was working on a new model of motion where we have high rate of entropy, I was led toward Three-Dimensional waves. As you know, we will be able to discover energy reserves into the Earth such as crude oil or ground water aquifers or even find out metallic mines easily by having a true analysis of Three-Dimensional wave equation.
Of course, the analysis of it is very hard in which we want to work on Multi-dimensional wave. I think there is a very important difference among analysis tools. For instance, when we analyze it by using of boundary conditions method such as Non-linear FEM, we have always: 0 But, by using of Topology or Complex numbers, we will have at least a point where the result will be 0=1.

Anyways, today my slogan is: the patience vs. the Uncertainty. I think that we have to change our approach from discovering of new Energy resources to saving of the Energy. Why? Nowadays, we can see the high fluctuation in stock markets, commodities and so on. The uncertainty is caused that any new project would not be successfully fulfilled because we will not have the real estimate about our quotation price. Consequently, we have to protect our ideas about new resources of the Energy in our brain. It means that we should be the patience vs. uncertainty. In fact, it will push us to save the Energy. For instance, if we assume all of trailers and small companies are the particles of clay (soil) suspended in a glass of water (Uncertainty) and Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a discriminator material to break down clay as Technology, we have to spend the energy to suspend clay in water forever. But by saving of energy, we decrease internal energy of suspended mixture so that even by increasing of external energy, the deposit of the particles will finally occur and we will have a decline of uncertainty. In addition, when we save the energy, we are generating amount of energy equal to our saved energy in the nature. Besides, the mentality of energy saving could lead us toward finding out new ideas about storing of energy. It could be the similar to power electric storing into boxes (BATTERIES or CAPACITORS) where we can invent and develop new ideas which will be changed to new innovation and produced new generation of Batteries in the near future. For instance, it is possible we will be able to reserve more than 1MW power electric in the boxes of sphere or ball frame with the diameter less than 1meter in the near future. Of course, it will be invented after the ending of UNCERTAINTY season (Another Industry Revolution).
I think that the core technology which will be used to produce the new generation of these Capacitors is the same for discovering of the new energy resources in the future.

Pending………..