Where money goes? Where power comes from? (part 2)

 Before anything, let me return back to the second example of philosophic points in which we have:

“The change depends on the direction” and Math used it as follows:

“If a function of w=f(x,y,z,t) wants to move far from a point (p), the change of amounts for this function depends on its direction”

As you know, one of the most crucial things in strategy formulation of a comprehensive strategic management model is to generate, evaluate and select the strategies. I think that Strategic Management can utilize from this fundamental axiom of Mathematics to make new type of strategy.

Can you bring an example for this type of strategy in the field of Strategic Management?

Where money goes? Where power comes from?

Let me remind you about a quotation from the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi as follows:

توانا بود هر که دانا بود" (Knowledge is power)"

Have you even heard the people say: “I wish I had not too much knowledge because when your knowledge increases notably, you will be suffering in your life”.

But there is the fundamental difference between to get knowledge and to make them. For instance, when we find out a problem by ourselves, we are excited and encouraged to solve this problem while there are so many problems that we are not interested in studying about them. First of all, we should have a true definition of the knowledge. What is the meaning of the knowledge?

In my opinion, the knowledge is to discover new constant data by analyzing previous constant data in which all constant data are the stable only for a period of the time.

In the result, I am willing to say: “Someone who are able to make the PARADOX, do not need to war for obtaining the power”.

Of course, this is a Pseudo – Power. Because, someone who are generating paradoxes, once upon a time, will be swallowed by all paradoxes generated by their self.

Therefore, you will gain a Real Power, if your knowledge and also the results of your works are helping and saving the people throughout the world.

When you have a Real Power, you do not need to follow the money but the money will follow you.

The Supporter Systems (sleepers) in the Nature for Tunneling

Have you ever thought about the supporting of the tunneling by using of implement a tie beam framework (or concrete slab) on the ground and connection of this frame with tensional piles (the piles under tension)?

These tensional piles will take some of Soil pressure (lateral & vertical pressure) above tunneling and transfer the loading to tie beam framework in which you can easily do your tunneling. Of course, there is a balance of the cost and the time for utilizing of this plan. Is there any reference for this method?

Definitely, one of the best ways for solving of the problem is to find out the supporter systems (sleepers) in the nature as a strategy or new idea (refer to Point “J”of “The executive methods for solving of the problem” on below link:

http://emfps.blogspot.com/2010/10/executive-methods-for-solving-of.html

An executive method for embankment layers in roads and yards

    Abstract:

This is a technical note of “An executive method for embankment layers in roads and yards”.

When we proceed to execute a compacted layer, for example: soil, Base, Sub base layer in road and yards, we should know how much the soil or aggregate (as a base or sub base layer) per square meter is need for reaching to specifications of design (thickness, percentage of compaction).

Author has presented an executive method to solve of above problem in this technical note.

    Introduction:

After designing of a pavement for roads or yards, civil engineer obtains several layers of aggregates (base or sub base) and soil that they must be compacted and executed under asphalt. Each one of these layers has its own specifications included: thickness, percentage of compaction, maximum dry density, optimum moisture, atterburg limits, sandy equalent, crashing percentage and etc.

Two specifications of them are very important: thickness and     compaction percentage. In this manuscript it has been calculated: “what is the distance between unloading of two consecutive Damp Trucks a long road so that two important specifications are produced?”

     Main body Of Article describing work and results:

     The following is a list of symbols used throughout the text:

-      w%    Natural moisture of the soil

-      Dn      Natural unit weight (Free unit weight of the soil)

-      Dm     Maximum dry density

-      R %   Compaction Percentage (Design Specification)

-      Z        Thickness of layer (Design specification)

-      V₂       Volume of dry compacted soil after filling

-      m₂      Weight of dry compacted soil after filling

-      m₁      Weight of natural soil (Free)

     - A          required Area (XY) for unloading soil of each Damp Truck

     - V₁         required Volume of unloading soil on Area (XY) by each Damp Truck

In order to execute a filling layer on sub grade in the road, we start it in accordance with four stages as follows:

A)  Unloading of soil or aggregate on required area (XY) of sub grade with required volume (V₁) by a Damp Truck.

B)  To distribute storage area of soil (Unloaded by Damp Truck) by a Grader so that the soil or aggregate layer reaches to thickness of design specifications.

C)  Spraying on soil by watering - Can Truck in order to reach the soil or aggregate to optimum moisture.

D)  To compact the soil or aggregate by a Roller in order to reach to compaction percentage of design specifications.

    In this technical note, the target is to obtain the required area (XY) for unloading soil of each Damp Truck or the required volume (V₁) of unloading soil on area (XY) by each Damp Truck for reaching to specifications of design.

    In order to solve above problem, author has used from returning    analyze as follows:

   An element of soil (X, Y, Z) has been considered after executing of the last stage (stage D).

  Where:

V2 = Z.X.Y                                                             (1)

m_{2 =} Dm. Z.X.Y.R                                                      (2)

m_{1 =} m2 + (m2 * w %) = m2 (1 ₊ w %)                       (3)

Therefore, it could be used from below formula:

V1 = m1 / Dn = Dm.Z.X.Y.R((1 ₊ w %) / Dn                 (4)

X.Y = A = V1. Dn / Dm.Z.R((1 ₊ w %)                        (5)

Example (1):

w = 3 %

Dm = 2.17 gr / cm3

R = 95 %

Dn = 1.53 gr / cm3

A = 10000 cm2

Z=15Cm

V1 = 2.17 * 15 * 10000 * 95 % * (1 + 3 %) / 1.53

V1 = 0.2 m3

Example (2):

w = 3 %

Dm = 2.17 gr / cm3

R = 95 %

Dn = 1.53 gr / cm3

V1 = 6 m3 = 6000,000 cm3

Z=15Cm

6000,000 = 2.17 * 15 * 95 % * (1 + 3 %) A / 1.53

A = X.Y= 288226 cm2

A # 29 m2

Conclusions:

In this technical note, author has tried to show what is the distance between two consecutive soil storage area that they have been   unloaded by Damp Trucks for reaching to design specifications in roads and yards.

It is possible only with having results of laboratory tests.

Easily, we can see that above problem is independent of optimum moisture.

The quotation of Charlie Chaplin

Here is an important quotation of Charlie Chaplin in Persian language:

لبخند بزن بدون انتظار پاسخي از دنيا، بدان روزي دنيا آنقدر شرمنده ميشود كه بجاي پاسخ لبخندت، به تمام سازهايت مي رقصد.چارلي چاپلين

I could not find the original quotation.
Can you acquire it?

I translated this quotation in English language as follows:

"Smile, without any expectation for response from the world. Be aware that someday the world will be so embarrassed that instead of answering to your smile, will dance for all of your orders."

Actually, I am not sure whether it is the quotation of Charlie Chaplin because I can not find it anywhere.

Anyways, I would like to know whose quote is. Because I enjoy it
and this quote is very important for me.

I consider below approach as my analysis:

smile = presenting of the thoughts, ideas,stories and sharing of the knowledge

There is the quotation of Immanuel Kant as follows:

“If man makes himself a worm he must not complain when he is trodden on.”

Now, let me replace glow-worm or silk-worm instead of “a worm” in above quotation.
We will have:

“If man makes himself a glow-worm he will not be trodden on during the period of the night”
“If man makes himself a silk-worm he will not be trodden on any time”

I think that above quotations are the same meanings with the first quotation (Unknown). In fact, they are two sides of a coin (extreme positive or negative).

In the meanwhile, I really enjoy from other quotations of Immanuel Kant below cited because they are completely compatible with my approach:

“Live your life as though your every act were to become a universal law.”
“May you live your life as if the maxim of your actions were to become universal law”
“Act that your principle of action might safely be made a law for the whole world”

Best Regards
Reza

Energy saving through efficient Industrial Boiler System (part 2)

While I was researching on case study of "Energy saving through efficient Industrial Boiler System", I found a problem as follows:
Assume there is the sequence of natural numbers below cited:

a1, a2, a3, ……….an

Where: a2 = a1+ S, a3 = a2 + L, a4 = a3 + S, a5 = a4 + L ……..an = a(n-1) + (S or L)

In fact, S and L are added to natural numbers off and on.
S and L = constant members of real numbers®
We have:

an = a1 +{(n-1)/2}(S +L) If n = 2k +1
an = a1 + 0.5 {(n-2)L + nS} If n = 2k

Do you know any easy way to calculate below series?
SUM (an) from n = 1 to n = i and “i” is a member of natural numbers

Is there any real number for: limit Sum (an) if “n” tends to infinity?

I would like to inform you that my problem has been solved by Mr. Nico Potyka on below link:

https://www.xing.com/net/mathe/general-interest-remarks-and-links-5223/energy-saving-through-efficient-industrial-boiler-system-33117616/

The answer is as follows:

Let's consider the cases s1, and si for even and uneven i.

1. s1 = a1

2. 1 < i = 2k+1. Let's decompose the sum in separate parts for a1, S and L. Then we obtain:

coefficients of a1:
i

coefficients of S:
(i-1) + (i-3) + ... + 2
= (1 + 2 + ... + (i-1)/2) * 2
= ((i-1) / 2 * (i+1) / 2) / 2 * 2
= (i^2-1)/4

coefficients of L:
(i-2) + (i-4) + ... + 1
= 1 + 3 + ... + (i-2)
= ((i-1)/2)^2
=(i-1)^2/4

So in this case we obtain si = a1*i + S * (i^2 - 1) / 4 + L * (i-1)^2 / 4

3. 1 < i = 2k.

coefficients of a1:
i

coefficients of S:
(i-1) + (i-3) + ... + 1
= 1 + 3 + ... i-1
= (i/2)^2
= i^2 / 4

coefficients of L:
(i-2) + (i-4) + ... + 2
= (2 + 4 + ... + i-2)
= 2 * (1 + 2 + ... (i-2)/2))
= 2*((i-2)/2)*i/2)/2
= (i^2 - 2i)/4

So we obtain si = a1*i + S * i^2 / 4 + L * (i^2 - 2i) / 4



Better check the result ;)



PS. A general form for i in N is:

si = a1*i + (as*S +al*L) / 4
where as := i^2 - (i mod 2)
and al := (i-1)^2 - ((i+1) mod 2)

So much to thank him for solving of my problem.

PS: I consider this quotation “Xenophanes said: The gods did not reveal all things to men at the start; but, as time goes on, by searching, they discover more and more” for below link (camel - stationary traveller):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKBwku-PsPY&feature=relat...

Best Regards
Gholamreza Soleimani

Energy saving through efficient Industrial Boiler System

1. Introduction

This report is previous paper continuation of “Saving Techniques: optimization in Boiling water consumption” in which it is willing to debate the role of energy saving in industrial sector such as steam generators. The result of previous paper shows us positive influence of energy saving on boiling water consumption in the public sector while we will not have the same outcome in industrial Boiler system. Why? According to IEO 2010 Reference case, total energy consumption in the world industries will increase an average of 1.3 percent per year from 2007 to 2035. In addition, worldwide industrial energy consumption is equal to 184 quadrillion Btu in 2007 and 262 quadrillion Btu in 2035 whereas total world energy consumption is equal 495 quadrillion Btu in 2007 and 739 quadrillion Btu in 2035. Consequently, industrial energy consumption in the world is approximately 35 to 37 percent of total sum world energy consumption. Besides, only 30 percent of total energy consumption for industrial productions (outputs) is used by the steam energy. Therefore, the influence of energy saving by using of steam on the growth of total energy consumption in the world is negligible.
Why should we increase the efficiency of steam generators?
It is due to competition among industrial companies in the world.
IEO2010 stated, there are five industries that they consume the half of total energy in industrial sector as follows:

-Chemicals 22%
-Iron and steel 15%
-Non-metallic minerals 6%
-Pulp and paper 4%
-Nonferrous metals 3%

Among industries, Pulp and paper manufacturing and Petroleum refining and chemical manufacturing respectively use huge amount of steam as a percentage of total energy consumption as follows:

Industry Total energy consumption by steam
(%)
Pulp and paper manufacturing 84

Petroleum refining 51

Chemical manufacturing 47


As we can see, if pulp and paper manufacturers companies save the energy through efficient industrial Boiler, they can manage the standard cost of their produced goods and finally it will be affected on the lifestyle of their productions. This case is the same for petroleum refining and chemical manufacturers.

How can we increase the efficiency of industrial Boilers?

2.0 Literature Review

As I mentioned beforehand, there are so many common approach about efficiency of Boilers as follows:
Kilicaslan and Ozdermir (2005) stated that Boiler efficiency is ability rate for producing steam from a type of fuel.
Boilers are the equipments which exchange chemical energy to thermal energy(energy in steam) where we have:
Energy in fuel (coal, oil or gas) = Energy in steam + Energy in Heat losses
In fact, for enhancement of Boiler efficiency, we should decrease the losses of Heat in Boilers.It means the conservation of the energy.



What are depressor ways of Heat losses?

It is clear, the biggest energy loss in Boilers are related to exit of the stack gas from the chimney in which the volume and the temperature of the stack gas are determinant factors on heat losses. As Kaya et al (2007) mentioned that incomplete combustion, excess air, water vapor in flue gas, flue gas temperature, fuel type, burners, boiler load, heat loss from boiler surface and the heater surface dirtiness are actual effective factors on Heat losses. And so in a case study conducted by Kaya and Eyidogan (2010), they found that leakage air losses in Rotary Type Air Heater (RTAH) are the most important factor on Boiler efficiency because it is caused an increase on excess air and finally prevents to reach Boiler to full operation.
American Boiler Manufactures Association (ABMA) also refers to the ASME power Test
Code, PTC4 or BTS-2000 to calculate Boiler efficiency that it is included the stack gas, radiation and convection losses. According to ABMA, the principal factors, which are effectively on Boiler efficiency, could be considered as follows:

1) The temperature of Flue gas
2) Heat losses because of the stack
3) The pressure of the steam (High-Medium- low pressure steam)
4) The losses because of Radiation and Convection
5) Excess air
6) The temperature of ambient air
7) Type of fuel

Energy Efficiency Handbook (2007) published by CIBO (Council of Industrial Boiler Owners), introduced several useful strategies for decreasing Heat losses of the stack gas as follows:

1) Reduction of excess air:
When excess air increases, Nitrogen of air rapidly absorb thermal energy and we will have heat loss.




2) The heat transfer surfaces should be clean because these dirty surfaces work just like to an insulation system and absorb the heat so that we will have heat loss.

3) Using of outlet flue gas as combustion air by recovery equipments such as APH (Air Pre-Heater), Economizer in which they work the similar to heat exchangers.

4) Combustible Heat losses:
Because of unburned fuel in ash, heat losses will increase. In fact, the main reason for unburned fuel is not to be enough combustion air. Another reason is the type of fuel.

5) Controlling of air leakage:
It can be done by changing of manufacturing in Rotary Air Pre-Heater (as a new idea) or to replace a new one because of erosion.

6) Radiation Heat:

Thermal exchange between Boiler body and environment is another heat loss that it could be solved by a proper insulation of Boiler.
As we can see, all of above references reflect the influence of the volume and the temperature of Flue gas (stack gas) as a main factor on Heat losses and Boiler efficiency. In fact, if we decrease the temperature of outlet fumes from Boilers, we will have a reduction of excess air accompanied by controlling of air leakage and finally operating of Boiler in full load.
There is the equipment in steam generator systems that it is named Regenerative Air Pre-Heater. It is made by several plates in which flows of inlet and outlet fumes heat the plates and flows of cool air absorb the heat of plates. In the result, the plates of Air Pre-Heater transfer the heat of fumes to cool air. We have two types of this tool:
1) Rotating-Plate Regenerative Air Pre-Heater
2) Stationary-Plate Regenerative Air Pre-Heater



RAPH has a rotor which rotates the plates with slow speed (about 3-5 rpm) while the plates of SAPR are fixed. Each one has the advantages and disadvantages.


In here, I would not like to illustrate the technology of Regenerative Air Pre-Heater more but it is better we zoom the influence of this technology on energy saving in Boilers.

3.0 Research Methodology

All of technical information as secondary data has been obtained by searching in Internet (Google website) and case study has been downloaded from UTM library zone.

4.0 Data Analysis and Discussion

I have brought a case study about the ways of enhancing efficiency through steam generators at high pressure operating here that I will explain the reason of it in conclusion.
Kaya and Eyidogan (2010) conducted a experimental study on boiler which was operating at 420 Bars and 440 ° C temperature whit a natural fuel gas in which the nominal capacity of Boiler was 33.33 kg/s.




They measured the volume, velocity, pressure and temperature of flue gas in outlet and chimney accompanied by mass balances and exergy analysis. According to their measurements, Boiler efficiency was obtained around 88.28% and exergetic efficiency was equal to 36.7%. They found the huge losses of efficiency which was due to air leakage in Rotating-Plate Regenerative Air Pre-Heater so that it increased not only the temperature of flue gas in stock (chimney) but also decrease the capacity of Boiler in full operating by increasing of excess air and incomplete combustion.
According to their data, total energy saving potential was calculated as follows:
Type of energy saving Energy saving potential
(%)

Avoiding excess
leakage air losses 31.14

Reduction
of excess air 17.81

Operating
the boiler
at full load 36.56


Reduction of
flue gas
temperature 14.49



Total 100

Total Energy Saving Potential

Why have we leakage air losses? Because the erosion will occur on the plates in the period of time in connection with the fumes flows. If we decrease leakage air, we will increase the operating of Boiler in full load so. How can we scale down leakage air? By using of new technology, modernization and change in manufacturing of Rotating-Plate Regenerative Air Pre-Heater.
Regarding to total energy saving potential, they calculated the finance of new manufacturing included in investment costs and payback period as follows:



Finance of new manufacturing (RAPH)

-Manufacturing Cost of new model RTA-Heater $600,000
-Annual net profit of Energy saving:
- By avoiding excess leakage air losses $221,625
- By operating the boiler at full load $260,215
-Total profit $481, 840
-Payback period ($600,000/481,840) 1.245 years 15 months
In this case study, the influence of leakage air plus full operating of Boiler has been considered as total sum of energy saving. In my opinion, if we decrease the volume and temperature of flue gas, we will cover every three another items such as saving energy by reducing of leakage air and excess air that finally the result will be the operating of Boiler in the full load condition. In fact, we need new ideas for next generation of Regenerative Air Pre-Heater which could be adopted from the parameters as follows:
- Increase of sum total area of each plate
-Number of plates
-rpm of motor drive
-Material of plates
As we can see, the function of energy saving in Boilers is depended on four variables and we should solve this problem by consideration of maximum energy saving and optimum cost of manufacturing.

5.0 Conclusion

This paper shows us how the business such as marketing in the field of competition can manage a technology as the core to stay in stocks and continue the lifestyle of production. And so, it represents us how an idea can be as a base of R &D and innovation and complete the cycle of process development for the production. Therefore, the new ideas are very important for industry.
Why do I use from this case study?



We will have the big challenge with extraction of crude oil throughout the world in the near future. In the matter of fact, one of the best ways will be the injection of high pressure steam to extract crude oil from wells in which we will have to decrease the cost of high pressure steam by saving of energy. This will be the important strategy for firms in the field of oil & gas.
In the result, apparently the influence energy saving by using of steam on the growth of total energy consumption in the world is negligible but if we measure the performance by a Balance Scorecard method as a research study, we will perceive that the conclusion is vice verse. In fact, there is the high influence of energy saving on total energy consumption in the world by using of steam in industry.

6.0 References

- American Boiler Manufacturers Association. (2008, May). Determining & Testing Boiler Efficiency for Commercial/Institutional Packaged Boilers. Retrieved September 4, 2010, from http://www.abma.com/Commercial_Boiler_Efficiency.Determine.Test.FINAL_POSTED_TO_WEBSITE.pdf/.
- Gietz, M., Schule, V., & Faller, B. (2009). Method for Optimised Operation of an Air PreHeater and Air Preheater. United States Patent Application Publication,US 2009/0095440 A1.
- Kaya, D., & Eyidogan, M. (2010). Energy Conservation Opportunities in an Industrial Boiler System. Journal of Energy Engineering, 136, 18-25.
- U.S. Department of Energy. (2003). How To Calculate The True Cost of Steam.
DOE/GO-102003-1736. Washington, DC: U.S. Industrial Technologies Program.

- US. Department of Energy. (2006). Best Practices: Steam. DOE/GO-102006-2275. Washington, DC: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

-US. Department of Energy. (2004). Improving Steam System Performance. DOE/GO-102004-1868. Washington, DC: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

-US. Department of Energy. (2002). Steam System Opportunity Assessment for the Pulp and Paper. DOE/GO-102002-1639. Washington, DC: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

-U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2010). International Energy Outlook 2010. DOE/EIA-0484(2010). Washington, DC: Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting.

- ZEITZ, R. A. (2007). ENERGY EFFICIENCY HANDBOOK. COUNCIL OF INDUSTRIAL BOILER OWNERS (CIBO). Retrieved September 4, 2010, from http://www.cibo.org/pubs/steamhandbook.pdf/.