Following to article of “Application of Pascal’s
Triangular plus Monte Carlo Analysis to Find the Least Squares Fitting for a
Limited Area” on link: http://emfps.blogspot.com/2012/05/application-of-pascals-triangular-plus_23.html,
some professional people asked me about the application of the Least Squares
Fitting for a Limited Area. In this article, I am willing to bring a simple
example which is the case of constant – growth model.
The Case of
Constant – Growth (Gordon) Model
As an example,
I would like to refer you to my article of “Case Analysis of GAINESBORO MACHINE TOOLS CORPORATION (CON): A New Financial Simulation Model” on link: http://emfps.blogspot.com/2012/04/case-analysis-of-gainesboro-machine.html.
The case issue is: How can we cope with the Constant- Growth Model as our
dividend policy and our decision making?
Lawrence J.
Gitman (2009) in his book of “Principles of Managerial Finance (Twelfth
edition)” stated:
“The most
widely cited dividend valuation approach, the constant – growth model,
assumes that dividends will grow at a constant rate, but a rate that is less
than the required return.”
If we simplify
the equation of the constant – growth model, we will have below formula:
P0 = D1 /
(rs – g)
Where:
D1 = the most recent dividend per – share
rs = required return on common stock ( In this case, I consider it as
the Cost of Capital (WACC) for GAINESBORO MACHINE TOOLS CORPORATION)
g = the constant – growth rate
If we multiply all outstanding shares to above
equation, the formula shows us the enterprise value of Gainesboro.
We can re-write above formula as follows:
WACC = (D1/ EV) + g
Where:
WACC = Gainesboro’s Cost of Capital
D1 = total dividend projected in 2005
EV = enterprise value in accordance with financial
model mentioned on link: http://emfps.blogspot.com/2012/04/case-analysis-of-gainesboro-machine.html
In the reference with the article of “Application of
Pascal’s Triangular plus Monte Carlo Analysis to Find the Least Squares Fitting
for a Limited Area” on link: http://emfps.blogspot.com/2012/05/application-of-pascals-triangular-plus_23.html,
we can define the area as follows:
WACC = y
D1/ EV
= b
g = x
m = 1
Then we have:
y = x + b
Referring to the article of “Case Analysis of GAINESBORO MACHINE TOOLS
CORPORATION (CON): A New Financial Simulation Model” posted on link: http://emfps.blogspot.com/2012/04/case-analysis-of-gainesboro-machine.html, I obtained the range for “WACC” and “g” as follows:
4% <= WACC <= 11%
And
0 <= g <= 3%
It means that, our definition for
area is:
0.04 <= y <= 0.11
0 <= x <=3
Now, I try to calculate “b” as the Least Squares Fitting for a Limited Area by
using the application of Pascal’s Triangular and Monte Carlo Simulation
(referred to link: http://emfps.blogspot.com/2012/05/application-of-pascals-triangular-plus_23.html)
below cited:
D1/ EV = 0.06
Since the range of “g” is between 0 and 3%, WACC
should be always equal or more than 6% and equal or less than 9%. Therefore we
have:
WACC = g + 0.06, If and only if 6%
< = WACC < = 9%
In this case, I have made four
scenarios which will cover all results.
Now, I am ready to use from
Financial Model posted on link: http://emfps.blogspot.com/2012/04/case-analysis-of-gainesboro-machine.html
:
How can we work
with this financial model for this example?
1) I added the item D1/ EV on my spreadsheet (financial
model)
2) I used from sensitivity analysis
for D1 as independent variable and D1/ EV
as dependent variable and I obtained D1 for each scenario for D1/ EV
= 0.06
3) I added D1 for 2005 year as dividend payout and formula = D1 * (1+g) for 2006 to 2011.
The final results of each scenario
are as follows:
Scenario (1)
WACC = 6%
g = 0%
Scenario (2)
WACC = 7%
Scenario (3)
WACC = 8%
g = 2%
Scenario (4)
WACC = 9%
Conclusion
The final answer to the issue of this
case is that the Constant – Growth (Gordon) Model as a dividend policy
and decision making for Gainesboro should be completely rejected, if the range
of “WACC” is between 4% to11percent and so the range of “g” is between 0 to3percent.
Because by using of Constant – Growth (Gordon) Model, expected share
price will go down under current share price that the average is equal
to $29.15 for 2004 year.
Let me start another case as the new
example as follows:
The Case of
Terminal Value
One of the most crucial problems to use the
discounted cash flow analysis is to find the appropriate the Terminal Value because
this methodology is very sensitive to the Terminal Value Growth Rate and the firm’s
Cost of Capital. The formula for terminal value is as follows:
Terminal value
= [FCFn * (1+g)] / (WACC – g)
To be continued……..
Note:
“All spreadsheets and calculation notes are available. The people, who are
interested in having my spreadsheets of this method as a template for further
practice, do not hesitate to ask me by sending an email to: soleimani_gh@hotmail.com or call
me on my cellphone: +989109250225. Please be informed these spreadsheets are
not free of charge.”
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